Chapter 1

• Introduction to  biochemistry: Scope of biochemistry in pharmacy
• Cell and its biochemical organization

Chapter 2

• Carbohydrates
• Definition, classification with examples, and  chemical properties
• Monosaccharides – Structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose
• Disaccharides – structure of maltose, lactose, and sucrose
• Polysaccharides – chemical nature of starch and glycogen
• Qualitative tests and the biological role of carbohydrates

Chapter 3

• Proteins
• Definition, classification of proteins based on composition and solubility with examples
• Definition, classification of amino acids based on chemical nature and nutritional requirements with
• examples
• Structure of proteins (four levels of organization of protein structure)
• Qualitative tests and biological role of proteins and amino acids
• Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins.

Chapter 4

• Lipids
• Definition, classification with examples
• Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils and fats)
• Fatty acid classification – Based on chemical and nutritional requirements with examples
• Structure and functions of cholesterol in the body
• Lipoproteins – types, composition and functions in the body
• Qualitative tests and functions of lipids

Chapter 5

• Nucleic acids
• Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases
• Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples
• Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and their functions

Chapter 6

• Enzymes
• Definition, properties and IUB and MB classification
• Factors affecting enzyme activity
• Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme inhibitors
• Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of enzymes

Chapter 7

• Vitamins
• Definition and classification with examples
• Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins

Chapter 8

• Metabolism (Study of cycle/pathways without chemical structures)
• Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood glucose
• level.
• Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of Carbohydrates
• Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of Fatty acid (Palmitic acid) ketogenesis and ketolysis.
• Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of lipids such as Ketoacidosis, Fatty liver, Hypercholesterolemia
• Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins): General reactions of amino acids and its significance– Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle and decarboxylation. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria and Jaundice.
• Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation

Chapter 9

• Minerals: Types, Functions, Deficiency diseases, recommended dietary requirements

Chapter 10

• Water and Electrolytes
• Distribution, functions of water in the body
• Water turnover and balance
• Electrolyte composition of the body fluids, Dietary intake of electrolyte and Electrolyte balance
• Dehydration, causes of dehydration and oral rehydration therapy

Chapter 11

• Introduction to Biotechnology

Chapter 12

• Organ function tests
• Functions of kidney and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of kidney and their clinical
• significances
• Functions of liver and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of liver and their clinical
• significances
• Lipid profile tests and its clinical significances

Chapter 13

• Introduction to Pathology of Blood and Urine
• Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and disease
• Erythrocytes – Abnormal cells and their significance
• Normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and their significance